Users of a manual programming system must create the robot program by hand, which is typically performed without the robot. The finished program is loaded into the robot afterwards. These are often off-line programming systems, where a robot is not present while programming. It is conceivable for manual programming to control a robot online, using for example an interpreted language, where there are no safety concerns.
Manual programming systems can be divided into text-based and graphical systems (also known as icon-based systems). Graphical programming is not considered automatic programming because the user must create the robot program code by hand before running it on the robotic system. There is direct correspondence between the graphical icons and the program statements.
A text-based system uses a traditional programming language approach and is one of the most common methods, particularly in industrial environments where it is often used in conjunction with Programming by Demonstration. Text-based systems can be distinguished by the type of language used, in terms of the type of programming performed by the user.
A manual system programming may use a text-based or graphical interface for entering the program. The text-based systems contain controller specific languages, generic procedural languages, and behavior based languages. Graphical systems contain graph systems, flowchart systems, and diagrammatic systems.
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